Physics Equations Handbook

Physics Equations Handbook

A comprehensive list of equations organized by chapter.

1. Average Speed

\( v = \frac{d}{t} \)

\(v\) = velocity/speed (ms-1)

\(d\) = distance (m)

\(t\) = time (s)

2. Average Velocity

\( v = \frac{s}{t} \)

\(v\) = velocity (ms-1)

\(s\) = displacement (m)

\(t\) = time (s)

3. Acceleration

\( a = \frac{v - u}{t} \)

\(a\) = acceleration (ms-2)

\(v\) = final velocity (ms-1)

\(u\) = initial velocity (ms-1)

\(t\) = time (s)

4. Weight

\( W = mg \)

\(W\) = weight (N)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(g\) = gravitational field strength (ms-2)

5. Force

\( F = ma \)

\(F\) = force (N)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(a\) = acceleration (ms-2)

6. Density

\( \rho = \frac{m}{V} \)

\(\rho\) = density (kgm-3)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(V\) = volume (m3)

7. Hooke's Law

\( F = kx \)

\(F\) = force (N)

\(k\) = spring constant (Nm-1)

\(x\) = extension (m)

8. Pressure

\( P = \frac{F}{A} \)

\(P\) = pressure (Pa)

\(F\) = force (N)

\(A\) = area (m2)

9. Fluid Pressure

\( P = \rho gh \)

\(P\) = pressure (Pa)

\(\rho\) = density (kgm-3)

\(g\) = gravitational field strength (ms-2)

\(h\) = height (m)

10. Work

\( W = Fd \)

\(W\) = work (J)

\(F\) = force (N)

\(d\) = distance moved (m)

11. Power

\( P = \frac{W}{t} \)

\(P\) = power (W)

\(W\) = work (J)

\(t\) = time (s)

12. Kinetic Energy

\( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \)

\(KE\) = kinetic energy (J)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(v\) = velocity (ms-1)

13. Gravitational Potential Energy

\( GPE = mgh \)

\(GPE\) = grav. potential energy (J)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(g\) = gravitational field strength (ms-2)

\(h\) = height (m)

14. Efficiency

\( \text{Eff.} = \frac{P_{\text{out}}}{P_{\text{in}}} \times 100\% \)

\( P_{\text{out}} \) = useful power output (W)

\( P_{\text{in}} \) = total power input (W)

15. Moment

\( M = Fd \)

\( M \) = moment (Nm)

\( F \) = force (N)

\( d \) = ⟂ distance from pivot (m)

16. Sum of Moments

\( \sum M_{\text{cw}} = \sum M_{\text{acw}} \)

\( M \) = moment (Nm)

17. Momentum

\( p = mv \)

\( p \) = momentum (kgms-1)

\( m \) = mass (kg)

\( v \) = velocity (ms-1)

18. Impulsive Force

\( F = \frac{\Delta p}{t} \)

\( F \) = impulsive force (N)

\( \Delta p \) = change in momentum

\( t \) = time (s)

19. Impulse

\( \Delta p = mv - mu \)

\( \Delta p \) = change in momentum

\( m \) = mass (kg)

\( v \) = final velocity (ms-1)

\( u \) = initial velocity (ms-1)

1. Boyle's Law

\( P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 \)

\(P_1\) = initial pressure (Pa)

\(V_1\) = initial volume (m3)

\(P_2\) = final pressure (Pa)

\(V_2\) = final volume (m3)

2. Specific Heat Capacity

\( Q = mc\Delta\theta \)

\(Q\) = energy (J)

\(m\) = mass (kg)

\(c\) = specific heat capacity (Jkg-1°C-1)

\(\Delta\theta\) = temp. change (°C)

3. Celsius to Kelvin

\( T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 \)

\(T(K)\) = temperature in Kelvin (K)

\(T(°C)\) = temperature in Celsius (°C)

1. Wave Speed

\( v = f\lambda \)

\(v\) = wave speed (ms-1)

\(f\) = frequency (Hz)

\(\lambda\) = wavelength (m)

2. Frequency

\( f = \frac{1}{T} \)

\( f \) = frequency (Hz)

\( T \) = period (s)

3. Refractive Index

\( n = \frac{\sin i}{\sin r} \)

\(n\) = refractive index

\(i\) = angle of incidence

\(r\) = angle of refraction

4. Refractive Index (Speed)

\( n = \frac{c}{v} \)

\(n\) = refractive index

\(c\) = speed of light in vacuum

\(v\) = speed of light in material

5. Critical Angle

\( n = \frac{1}{\sin c} \)

\(n\) = refractive index

\(c\) = critical angle

1. Current

\( I = \frac{Q}{t} \)

\(I\) = current (A)

\(Q\) = charge (C)

\(t\) = time (s)

2. Voltage

\( V = \frac{W}{Q} \)

\(V\) = voltage (V)

\(W\) = energy transferred (J)

\(Q\) = charge (C)

3. Ohm's Law

\( V = IR \)

\(V\) = voltage (V)

\(I\) = current (A)

\(R\) = resistance (Ω)

4. Power (Current & Voltage)

\( P = IV \)

\(P\) = power (W)

\(I\) = current (A)

\(V\) = voltage (V)

5. Power (Current & Resistance)

\( P = I^2R \)

\(P\) = power (W)

\(I\) = current (A)

\(R\) = resistance (Ω)

6. Energy Transferred

\( W = IVt \)

\(W\) = energy transferred (J)

\(I\) = current (A)

\(V\) = voltage (V)

\(t\) = time (s)

7. Energy Transferred (Power)

\( W = Pt \)

\(W\) = energy transferred (J)

\(P\) = power (W)

\(t\) = time (s)

8. Resistors in Series

\( R_{T} = R_1 + R_2 + ... \)

\(R_{T}\) = total resistance (Ω)

\(R_n\) = individual resistances (Ω)

9. Resistors in Parallel

\( \frac{1}{R_{T}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + ... \)

\(R_{T}\) = total resistance (Ω)

\(R_n\) = individual resistances (Ω)

10. Resistance

\( R = \frac{\rho l}{A} \)

\(R\) = resistance (Ω)

\(\rho\) = resistivity (Ωm)

\(l\) = length (m)

\(A\) = cross-sectional area (m2)

11. Transformers (Voltage)

\( \frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p} \)

\(V_s, V_p\) = voltage in coils (V)

\(N_s, N_p\) = turns in coils

12. Transformers (Current)

\( \frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{I_p}{I_s} \)

\(V_s, V_p\) = voltage in coils (V)

\(I_s, I_p\) = current in coils (A)

1. Alpha Decay

\( ^A_ZX \rightarrow ^{A-4}_{Z-2}Y + ^4_2He \)

\( ^A_ZX \) = parent nucleus

\( Y \) = daughter nucleus

\( He \) = alpha particle

2. Beta Decay

\( ^A_ZX \rightarrow ^A_{Z+1}Y + ^0_{-1}e \)

\( ^A_ZX \) = parent nucleus

\( Y \) = daughter nucleus

\( e \) = beta particle

3. Gamma Decay

\( ^A_ZX \rightarrow ^A_ZX + \gamma \)

\( ^A_ZX \) = nucleus

\( \gamma \) = gamma ray

1. Average Orbital Speed

\( v = \frac{2\pi r}{T} \)

\( v \) = orbital speed (ms-1)

\( r \) = orbital radius (m)

\( T \) = orbital period (s)

2. Hubble's Law

\( v = H_0 d \)

\( v \) = speed away (ms-1)

\( H_0 \) = Hubble constant (s-1)

\( d \) = distance of galaxy (m)

3. Hubble's Law (Alternative)

\( \frac{d}{v} = \frac{1}{H_0} \)

\( d \) = distance of galaxy (m)

\( v \) = speed away (ms-1)

\( H_0 \) = Hubble constant (s-1)

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